We live in a world constantly changing and shaping up through digital innovation. 3D Modeling has become vital in various industries, from blockbuster movies to intricate real estate plans. These 3D models allow creators to bring their vision into reality. This vast field has model types, techniques, and file formats.
In this blog, we will read about 3D models and how they are used across various industries.
What is a 3D Model?
According to Render, “A 3D model is a digital representation of an object or scene that is created using specialized computer software.” The significant difference between a 2D and a 3D model is that 3D models have depth.
The “3D model” directly means three-dimensional, which includes length, breadth, and depth.3D Models represent a physical object, structure, living organism, or even wholly something new. There are various kinds of 3D models that support the industry. 3D modeling has revolutionized fields like architecture, product design, gaming, and medical imaging by providing realistic and functional representations.
What is 3D Modeling?
The process of creating 3D objects using specialized software is known as 3D Modeling. Models can be set in various scenes with multiple visual effects. The process starts with defining the shape of the object, which is then redefined into the desired project.
A 3D model is created through a meticulous process,
- An idea is conceptualized, on what object has to be created. It can be a real-life replica of something or a completely new item. Brainstorming is the key.
- Then comes the actual modeling stage. You can choose the software you want to use to build the model and then start by creating the mesh.
- After the shape is done, texture is applied to the surface of the, as it gives the model a realistic look. The textures can vary from surface details like reflections to colors.
- After the texture is set, the final step is rendering, which means generating a high-quality image incorporating shading, light, and other visual effects.
At times, post-processing also takes place to enhance the final output. Software like Photoshop can be used to fix some color issues and make other small adjustments.
Types of 3D Models and their usecases
1. Polygonal Models
The most common type of 3D model is Polygonal models, often called "polygons.” They are composed of vertices, edges, and faces, forming a mesh that defines the object's shape. These highly versatile models are the backbone of most 3D visualizations, especially in video games and animation.
These are found to be used in:
- Video Games: Polygonal models are crucial in video game design because they can be easily manipulated to create detailed environments and characters. The models are optimized to ensure smooth rendering during gameplay, balancing detail with performance. Companies like EA and Ubisoft use polygons to develop the assets for their games.
- Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR): Polygonal models are essential in VR and AR due to their compatibility with real-time rendering engines. These models are optimized to ensure they run smoothly on various devices, from high-end VR headsets to mobile AR applications or AR websites. Polygons also provide faster load times.
- Architectural Visualization: Nowadays, polygonal models are used in architecture to create lifelike renderings of buildings. They help architects and designers showcase their designs in a realistic environment.
- Animation and Film: In animation, polygons are used to create both characters and environments. Polygons give the model the ability to move, which makes them ideal for animated films. Pixar uses these models because they give the characters more flexibility to move around.
2. NURBS Models
NURBS, or Non-Uniform Rational B-splines, are mathematical models that provide smooth curves and surfaces. Unlike polygonal models, which are defined by vertices and faces, NURBS models are created using curves influenced by control points. This makes them ideal for creating intricate, smooth surfaces without needing a high polygon count.
A few uses of the NURBS model are as follows:
Industrial Design: NURBS models are frequently used in industrial design to create complex, curved surfaces, such as those found in the automotive and aerospace industries. The precision of NURBS allows for creating aerodynamically efficient shapes that are crucial;l in these sectors.
Product Design: When designing products like appliances, electronics, and consumer goods, NURBS models offer a level of detail and smoothness that polygonal models may struggle to achieve. NURBS enables designers to refine product shapes to an extraordinary level of detail, which is crucial for manufacturing processes.
Automotive Design: NURBS are the go-to choice for automotive designers. Creating smooth, flowing surfaces with great precision is essential for designing car exteriors and interiors that look good and are also aerodynamically efficient. Tesla and BMW are two of the companies that use NURBS.
3. Subdivision Surface Models
Subdivision surface models are a hybrid approach that starts with a polygonal base mesh, which is further subdivided to create a smoother surface. This subdivision process adds more polygons and refines the model, allowing for greater detail and smoother transitions between surfaces.
These can be found in:
Character Modeling: Subdivision surfaces are commonly used for character modeling in animation and video games. This technique allows for smooth, organic shapes that can be easily animated, making it ideal for creating lifelike characters with detailed facial expressions. Sony Pictures Animation uses these to provide smooth, high-resolution surfaces for animated characters and creatures.
Film and Visual Effects: In film production, subdivision surface models are used to create realistic digital doubles and creatures, especially for visual effects. The smoothness and flexibility of these models make them perfect for replicating the subtle nuances of organic forms.
4. Digital Sculpting Models
Digital sculpting models are created using techniques similar to traditional sculpting. Artists manipulate a virtual "clay" using various tools to push, pull, carve, and smooth the material. This allows for extremely high levels of detail and is often used for creating organic forms such as characters, creatures, and intricate designs.
This is still a relatively new field, but it is used for
Character and Creature Design: Digital sculpting is a popular choice for creating detailed characters and creatures in games, films, and collectibles. The technique allows artists to create highly detailed skin textures, muscles, and other anatomical features that bring characters to life.
Digital Art and Concept Design: Many digital artists use sculpting software to create detailed concept art and digital sculptures. This process allows for a high degree of creativity and detail, making it ideal for concept art in the entertainment industry.
Jewelry Design: Digital sculpting is increasingly used in jewelry design to create intricate patterns and detailed designs that would be challenging to achieve with traditional modeling techniques. This allows for unique, custom designs tailored to specific customer requirements.
Action Figures and Collectibles: The toy and collectible industries use digital sculpting to create detailed models of action figures, statues, and other collectibles. Companies like Hasbro and McFarlane Toys use digital sculpting to design detailed action figures and collectible models.
5. Parametric Models
These are the models that are created by using algorithms and some forms of mathematical equations to create those models. Parametric modeling involves the use of algorithms and mathematical equations to develop models that are defined by parameters. These models can be easily adjusted by changing the parameters, making them adaptable and flexible for various design needs.
Parametric models are used in
Architectural Design: The ability to adjust parameters allows architects to explore multiple design iterations quickly and efficiently, which is particularly useful for projects requiring unique, custom shapes. Firms like Zaha Hadid Architects use parametric modeling for complex architectural designs, allowing for dynamic changes to the design parameters.
Product Designing Companies: In engineering, parametric models create parts and assemblies that must fit together with high precision. Their parametric nature allows for easy adjustments and modifications, reducing the time and cost of prototyping.
Furniture Design: Designers use parametric modeling to create customizable furniture that can be adjusted to fit different spaces and preferences. This approach allows for mass customization, where each piece can be tailored to the customer's needs.
6. Voxel Models
Voxels, short for "volumetric pixels," are the 3D equivalent of 2D pixels. Voxels are 3D Pixels that are cuboidal in shape. Unlike polygonal models, voxels are not defined by a surface but rather by a volume, making them ideal for representing solid objects.
Voxel models are seen to be used in
Medical Imaging: Voxel models are extensively used in medical imaging, particularly in MRI and CT scans. These models provide a detailed representation of the body's internal structures, which is crucial for diagnosis and treatment planning.
Games and Simulations: Some video games and simulations use voxel models to create dynamic, destructible environments. The voxel-based approach allows for more complex interactions with the environment, such as digging, building, and terrain deformation. Games like Minecraft which is developed by Mojang Studios, use voxel models to create a blocky 3D game environment.
7. Point Cloud Models
Point cloud models are composed of a large number of individual points, each with a specific position in 3D space. These points are often generated using 3D scanning techniques and provide a highly accurate representation of real-world objects and environments.
These are generally used in
Surveying and Mapping: Point clouds are widely used in surveying and mapping to create accurate 3D models of terrain, buildings, and other structures. The data captured from 3D scans can generate topographic maps, measure distances, and analyze site conditions.
Cultural Heritage Preservation: Point cloud models digitally preserve cultural heritage sites and artifacts. High-resolution scans can capture the intricate details of historical structures and objects, providing valuable data for restoration and preservation efforts.
Conclusion
3D models are impactful tools that help artists transform their visions into reality across various industries and platforms. The models vary widely, from polygonal to voxel to NURBS, each with unique characteristics and use cases.
Understanding each of them is necessary to be able to differentiate them.
So, whether designing a new character for a video game or building a new product, 3D modeling offers endless possibilities.
Can 3D models be used with AR?
Yes, 3D Models can be used with AR. Nowadays, with the furniture industry booming, furniture e-commerce websites are making 3D models of their furniture and letting the user see them in AR view.
Can 3D models be used for educational purposes?
In education, 3D models provide interactive and immersive learning experiences. For example, 3D models of molecules, historical artifacts, or anatomical structures can enhance understanding and engagement in the classroom.
What is the duration of creating a 3D model?
The time required to create a 3D model solely depends on the complexity and the level of detail. Models which don’t have much intricate designs take a couple of hours. Whereas, heavily detailed models such as in some animation or a movie takes a few weeks.
